+Write assembly language with basic , memory ...
+Write C language with FreeRTOS , multistasking...
These documents need reference before we write assembly language .
+ ATMega 32 datasheet : datasheet
+ATMega 32 instruction : instruction
+ASM directives :directives
Development tools :Atmel Studio 6.0
Section 1: Memory storage
Memory of ATmega32 include flash memory(ROM) , SRAM , EEFROM ( disc).
Data bus is 8 bits wide
Address bus is ? bits wide .
+Program memory is flash memory : 32K bytes -> 16Kx16 bytes
As program counter(PC) is 14 bits wide ( 2^10*2^4x16) :0->2^14 -1 . 0->16383 <=>$0000 ->$3FFF
+Data memory is SRAM. : 2K bytes -> 1024*2 bytes
=====================================================================
Section 2: Writing -Reading SRAM memory.
; Direct addressing
STS 0x0060, R1 ; write
LDS R1, 0x0060 ; read
STS LDS;Pointer addressing
.EQU MyPreferredStorageCell = SRAM_START ;SRAM_START = 0x0060
LDI XH, HIGH(MyPreferredStorageCell)
LDI XL, LOW(MyPreferredStorageCell)
LD R1, X
code :.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.EQU SRAM_Address= 0x0060;
.DEF a = R1
.DEF b = R2
.DEF c = R3
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
.DSEG ; data segment SRAM
.ORG 0x0060 ;set SRAM address to hex , this is right after I/O
data: .BYTE 1 ;reserves memory resources in the SRAM
.CSEG ; code segment
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x2A
START:
LDI R20, 0xFF;
OUT DDRB , R20;// set port to ouput
LDI R20 , 0x0F;
OUT PORTB ,R20;
STS data , R20; //Write into SRAM
LDS R19 ,data ; //Read from SRAM
LDI XH, HIGH(SRAM_Address);// Pointer-registers
LDI XL, LOW(SRAM_Address)
LD a, X+ ; // Read from address 0x0060
LD b, X+ ;// read from address 0x0061
LD c, X ; Read from address 0x0062
ST X , R20; ;Write to address 0x0062
MAIN:
RJMP MAIN
We have basic instruction for reading and writing SRAM ;+ LDS -STS
+LD-ST
Section 2: Reading flash memory.
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x2A
START:
LDI ZH,HIGH(Array*2) ; address of table to pointer Z
LDI ZL,LOW(Array*2) ;
MAIN:
LPM
ADIW ZL ,1
RJMP MAIN
Array:
.DB 12,34,56,78; byte array
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x2A
START:
LDI ZH,HIGH(Array*2) ; address of table to pointer Z
LDI ZL,LOW(Array*2) ;
MAIN:
LPM ; Read least significant byte from program memory
MOV R24,R0 ; Copy LSB to 16-bit register
ADIW ZL,1 ; Point to MSB in program memory
LPM ; Read MSB of table value
MOV R25,R0 ; Copy MSB to 16-bit register
ADIW ZL,1 ;
RJMP MAIN
Array:
.DW 0x1001,0x2233,0x4455; Code segment in memory 01 10 33 22 55 44
//======================================Assembler =======================
Section 3:If - For - while
if
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x002A
START:
cp r1,r2 ; Compare registers r1 and r0
breq IF ; Branch if registers equal
ELSE:
LDI R16 , 0x11;
RJMP ENDIF
IF :
LDI R16 , 0xFF;
ENDIF :
MAIN:
RJMP MAIN
For-While .INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x002A
START:
CLR R6; // for(int i =1 ; i<= 10; i++)
FOR :
INC R16;
CPI R16 ,10;
BRNE FOR;
NOP ;
MAIN:
RJMP MAIM
PORT I/O .INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
//--------------------------------
.MACRO PortB_Onput
LDI R16 , 0xFF;
OUT DDRB, R16;
.ENDMACRO
//--------------------------------
.CSEG
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x002A
START:
PortB_Onput ;
LDI R16 , 0xFF;
PUSH R16; // pointer is set to zero at program start (Bugs with the stack eperation)
MAIN:
LDI R16 , 0x01;
OUT PORTB ,R16;
RCALL DELAY ;
LDI R16 , 0x02;
OUT PORTB ,R16;
RCALL DELAY ;
RJMP MAIN
//----------- ---------------------------------------
DELAY :
CLR R17;
Wait:
INC R17 ;
CLR R18;
Wait1:
INC R18 ;
CPI R18 ,0XFF;
BRNE Wait1 ;
CPI R17 ,0XFF;
BRNE Wait ;
RET
//----------------------------------------------------
LED 7 SEGMENT
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
//--------------------------------
.MACRO PortB_Onput
LDI R16 , 0xFF;
OUT DDRB, R16;
.ENDMACRO
//--------------------------------
.CSEG
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x002A
START:
PortB_Onput ;
LDI R16 , 0xFF;
PUSH R16; // pointer is set to zero at program start (Bugs with the stack eperation)
LDI R16 , 0x00;
MAIN:
Count :
RCALL LED7Seg
INC R16;
CPI R16 ,0X0A;
BRNE Count; // 0->9
LDI R16 , 0x00;
RJMP MAIN
//----------- ---------------------------------------
DELAY :
CLR R19
Wait2 :
INC R19;
CLR R17;
Wait:
INC R17 ;
CLR R18;
Wait1:
INC R18 ;
CPI R18 ,0XFF;
BRNE Wait1 ;
CPI R17 ,0XFF;
BRNE Wait ;
CPI R19 ,0X0F;
BRNE Wait2 ;
RET
//-------------------------R16 -> value of Led_7_seg--------------------
LED7Seg:
RCALL DELAY ;
OUT PORTB ,R16;
RET
//---------------------------------------------------------------------
LED SCAN
.INCLUDE "M32DEF.INC"
.DEVICE ATmega32 ; use the ATmega32
.DEF LED0 = R20;//hour
.DEF LED1 = R21;
.DEF LED2 = R22;// minute
.DEF LED3 = R23;
.DEF LED4 = R24;//second
.DEF LED5 = R25;
//--------------------------------
.MACRO PORT_ONPUT
LDI R16 , 0xFF;
OUT DDRB, R16
OUT DDRD , R16;//portB ouput
OUT PORTD , R16;
.ENDMACRO
//--------------------------------
.CSEG
.ORG 0x0000 ; set the reset vector to
RJMP START
.ORG 0x002A
START:
PORT_ONPUT;//Call macro
PUSH R20; // pointer is set to zero at program start (Bugs with the stack eperation)
CLR LED0;
CLR LED1;
CLR LED2;
CLR LED3;
CLR LED4;
CLR LED5;
MAIN:
SECOND :
RCALL LED7Seg;
INC LED5;
CPI LED5 ,0x0A;
BRNE SECOND;
INC LED4;
CLR LED5;
CPI LED4 ,0x06;
BRNE SECOND;
CLR LED4;
INC LED3;
CPI LED3 ,0x0A;
BRNE SECOND;
CLR LED3;
INC LED2;
CPI LED2 ,0x06;
BRNE SECOND;
CLR LED2;
INC LED1;
CPI LED1 ,0x04;
BRNE SECOND;
CLR LED1;
INC LED0;
CPI LED0 ,0x02;
BRNE SECOND;
CLR LED0;
RJMP MAIN
//-------------------------R16 -> value of Led_7_seg -count to 1-> 99--------------------
LED7Seg:
CLR R19
Wait2 :
INC R19;
CLR R17;
Wait:
INC R17 ;
CLR R18;
Wait1:
INC R18 ;
LDI R16, 0XFF;
//-------------hour-----------------
CBI PORTD ,0 ; led0 turn on
OUT PORTB ,LED0;
NOP ;
SBI PORTD ,0 ; led0 turn off
OUT PORTB ,R16;
CBI PORTD ,1 ; led1 turn on
OUT PORTB ,LED1;
NOP ;
SBI PORTD ,1 ; led1 turn off
OUT PORTB ,R16;
//-----------minute---------------
CBI PORTD ,2 ; led2 turn on
OUT PORTB ,LED2;
NOP ;
SBI PORTD ,2 ; led2 turn off
OUT PORTB ,R16;
CBI PORTD ,3 ; led3 turn on
OUT PORTB ,LED3;
NOP ;
SBI PORTD ,3 ; led3 turn off
OUT PORTB ,R16;
//------------second--------
CBI PORTD ,4 ; Led4 turn on
OUT PORTB ,LED4;
NOP ;
SBI PORTD ,4 ; Led4 turn off
OUT PORTB ,R16;
CBI PORTD ,5 ; Led5 turn on
OUT PORTB ,LED5;
NOP ;
SBI PORTD ,5 ; Led5 turn off
OUT PORTB ,R16;
//------------------------------------
CPI R18 ,0XFF;
BRNE Wait1 ;
CPI R17 ,0XFF;
BRNE Wait ;
CPI R19 ,0X01;
BRNE Wait2 ;
RET
//---------------------------------------------------------------------
Demo Led cube 6x6x6Software :
Windows OS : windows 7 Professional - 64 bit .
Compiler : Amtel studio 6.0 .
Hardware :
+ 216 green leds
+ 4 IC 74138
+ Cables
+ Power : 5v
Code :skydrive.live.com
Demo : LED cube with AVR microcontroller
me>me>
Thong Le Trung.
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